Which term describes the formal line of authority within an organization from top to bottom?

• A. Chain of command
• B. Unity of command
• C. Span of control
• D. Case method

Answer: (A)

The formal line of authority from top to bottom is called the chain of command. It maps who has authority to issue orders, who is responsible for carrying them out, and how information and decisions flow through the organization. This clear hierarchy helps ensure accountability and that directives travel through proper channels.

Other terms describe different ideas. Unity of command means each person reports to a single supervisor, avoiding conflicting instructions. Span of control refers to how many direct subordinates a manager oversees, which affects how closely a supervisor can supervise. The case method is a teaching or problem-solving approach, not a description of organizational authority.