In experimental research, which variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher?

• A. Confounding Variable
• B. Dependent Variable
• C. Extraneous Variable
• D. Independent Variable

Answer: (D)

In experimental research, researchers deliberately manipulate the independent variable to test its effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is the factor you change to see whether it produces a change in the outcome. The dependent variable is what you measure as the result. Confounding variables are unintended factors that vary along with the independent variable and can distort the observed effect. Extraneous variables are other uncontrolled factors that could influence the dependent variable; researchers try to minimize or control these to avoid bias. So the one you actively change to cause a potential effect is the independent variable.